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<title>Stephen Robinson</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stephen Robinson</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the NASA astronaut. For other people named Steve, Stephen or Steven Robinson, see <a href="Steve_Robinson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Steve Robinson (disambiguation)">Steve Robinson</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Steve Robinson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Stephen Kern Robinson</div><br><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1955-10-26</span>) </span>October 26, 1955<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="Sacramento%2C_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="University_of_California%2C_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a> (<a href="Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)<br><a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> (<a href="Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>, <a href="Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Space career</b></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header role"><a href="NASA_astronaut" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA astronaut">NASA astronaut</a></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time in space</div></th><td class="infobox-data">48d 9h 52m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Selection</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="NASA_Astronaut_Group_15" title="NASA Astronaut Group 15">NASA Group 15 (1994)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Total <a href="Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">EVAs</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Total EVA time</div></th><td class="infobox-data">20h 5m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Missions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="STS-85" title="STS-85">STS-85</a><br><a href="STS-95" title="STS-95">STS-95</a><br><a href="STS-114" title="STS-114">STS-114</a><br><a href="STS-130" title="STS-130">STS-130</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mission insignia</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Retirement</th><td class="infobox-data">June 30, 2012</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">Mechanical engineering</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/637679067">The Kinematics of Turbulent Boundary Layer Structure</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1991)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

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<p><b>Stephen Kern "Steve" Robinson</b> (born October 26, 1955) is an American former <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div>

<p>He was active in the <a href="Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a>, where he achieved its second-highest rank, <a href="Life_Scout" class="mw-redirect" title="Life Scout">Life Scout</a>. Robinson graduated from <a href="Campolindo_High_School" title="Campolindo High School">Campolindo High School</a>, <a href="Moraga%2C_California" title="Moraga, California">Moraga, California</a>, in 1973, and obtained a <a href="Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> degree in <a href="Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical</a> and <a href="Aeronautical_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeronautical engineering">aeronautical engineering</a> from the <a href="University_of_California%2C_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a>, in 1978, a <a href="Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> degree in Mechanical Engineering from <a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> in 1985; and a <a href="Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> in mechanical engineering, with a minor in <a href="Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautics</a> and <a href="Astronautics" title="Astronautics">astronautics</a> from Stanford University in 1990.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2></div>

<p>Robinson is a member of the <a href="American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" title="American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a>, the Aerospace Medical Association, and the <a href="Experimental_Aircraft_Association" title="Experimental Aircraft Association">Experimental Aircraft Association</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2></div>

<p>He was awarded the NASA <a href="NASA_Ames_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Ames Research Center">Ames</a> Honor Award for Scientists in 1989, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Outstanding <a href="Technical_writing" title="Technical writing">Technical paper</a> Award for Applied <a href="Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamics</a> in 1992, and the NASA/Space Club <a href="George_Low" title="George Low">G. M. Low</a> Memorial <a href="Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a> Fellowship in 1993.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2></div>

<p>Robinson started work for NASA in 1975 as a student intern at NASA's <a href="Ames_Research_Center" title="Ames Research Center">Ames Research Center</a> in <a href="Mountain_View%2C_Santa_Clara_County%2C_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California">Mountain View, California</a>. After graduation from the University of California at Davis, he joined NASA Ames in 1979 as a research scientist in the fields of <a href="Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a>, <a href="Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamics</a>, experimental instrumentation, and computational scientific visualization. While at Ames, Robinson earned masters and doctorate degrees in mechanical engineering at Stanford University, with research emphasis in <a href="Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> physics, and additional research in <a href="Human_eye" title="Human eye">human eye</a> dynamics. In 1990, Robinson was selected as Chief of the Experimental Flow Physics Branch at NASA's <a href="Langley_Research_Center" title="Langley Research Center">Langley Research Center</a> in <a href="Hampton%2C_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton, Virginia</a>, where he led a group of 35 engineers and scientists engaged in aerodynamics and fluid physics research.

</p><p>In 1993, Robinson was awarded the NASA/Space Club Low Memorial Engineering Fellowship, and was assigned for 15 months to the <a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT) as Visiting Engineer in the Man Vehicle Laboratory (MVL). As an MVL team-member, he conducted neurovestibular research on astronauts on the Spacelab Life Sciences 2 Shuttle mission (<a href="STS-58" title="STS-58">STS-58</a>). Other MIT research included EVA dynamics for satellite capture and space construction. While in <a href="Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, Robinson was also a visiting scientist at the <a href="U.S._Department_of_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">U.S. Department of Transportation</a>'s <a href="Volpe_National_Transportation_Systems_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Volpe National Transportation Systems Center">Volpe National Transportation Systems Center</a>, doing research on environmental modeling for <a href="Flight_simulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight simulation">flight simulation</a>, cockpit human factors for <a href="GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>-guided instrument approach procedures, and moving-map displays.

</p><p>Robinson returned to NASA Langley in September 1994, where he accepted a dual assignment as research scientist in the <a href="Multidisciplinary_design_optimization" title="Multidisciplinary design optimization">Multidisciplinary design optimization</a> Branch, and as leader of the <a href="Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamics</a> and <a href="Acoustics" title="Acoustics">Acoustics</a> element of NASA's General Aviation Technology program.

</p><p>Robinson has logged over 1,400 hours in aircraft ranging from antique <a href="Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">taildraggers</a> to NASA jets.

</p>

<p>Robinson began applying to become an astronaut in 1983, and was selected to join <a href="NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA Astronaut Corps</a> in 1995. He has flown on four <a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> missions: <a href="STS-85" title="STS-85">STS-85</a>, <a href="STS-95" title="STS-95">STS-95</a>, <a href="STS-114" title="STS-114">STS-114</a> and <a href="STS-130" title="STS-130">STS-130</a>. Robinson served as backup flight engineer for the <a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> <a href="Expedition_4" title="Expedition 4">Expedition 4</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On August 3, 2005, as a Mission Specialist (and Flight Engineer) on STS-114, the first Return to Flight mission following the <a href="Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle Columbia disaster</a>, Robinson became the first human to perform an <a href="STS-114#In-flight_repair" title="STS-114">in-flight repair</a> to the Shuttle's exterior. Robinson was sent to remove two protruding gap fillers on <a href="Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery'</i>s</a> heat shield, after engineers determined they might pose a danger upon re-entry. Robinson successfully removed the loose material while the <i>Discovery</i> was docked to the <a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>. Robinson performed another "first" on STS-114 when he made the first <a href="Podcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Podcasting">podcast</a> from space (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615113723/http://www.nasa.gov/returntoflight/crew/robinson_podcast.html">transcript & audio</a>) on August 7, 2005. His self-portrait took during the repair was considered one of the early <a href="Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Robinson served as a <a href="Mission_specialist" title="Mission specialist">mission specialist</a> and flight engineer on <a href="STS-130" title="STS-130">STS-130</a>, which launched on February 8, 2010, and rendezvoused with the International Space Station on February 10. As Intravehicular Officer, he choreographed the three EVAs involved with the installation and activation of the <a href="Tranquility_(ISS_module)" title="Tranquility (ISS module)">Node 3 module</a> and <a href="Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola</a>.

</p><p>Robinson also served as <a href="Capsule_communicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsule communicator">CAPCOM</a> for various Space Shuttle missions.

</p><p>He retired from the Astronaut Corps in July 2012 to take a teaching position as a full-time professor in the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering department at <a href="University_of_California_at_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California at Davis">University of California at Davis</a>. "Steve will be sorely missed by the Astronaut Office," said <a href="Janet_Kavandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Janet Kavandi">Janet Kavandi</a>, Director of Flight Crew Operations. "He was a fellow classmate, and I will personally miss his ever-positive attitude and smiling face. We wish him the best in his future endeavors, and we are confident that he will be a positive influence and wonderful mentor to inquisitive minds at the University of California at Davis."<sup id="cite_ref-retired_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retired-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Robinson currently directs the UC Davis Center for Human/Robotics/Vehicle Integration and Performance (HRVIP).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div>

<p>He enjoys <a href="Aviation" title="Aviation">flying</a>, <a href="Aviation_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation history">antique</a> <a href="Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, <a href="Human_swimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Human swimming">swimming</a>, <a href="Canoeing" title="Canoeing">canoeing</a>, <a href="Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a>, <a href="Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="Art" title="Art">art</a>, and <a href="Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereo photography</a>. He plays lead <a href="Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> in <a href="Max_Q_(Astronaut_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Q (Astronaut band)">Max Q</a>, a <a href="Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> band. His <a href="Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> parents, William, a <a href="Real_estate" title="Real estate">land</a> <a href="Surveyor_(surveying)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surveyor (surveying)">surveyor</a>, and Joyce Robinson, resided in <a href="Moraga%2C_California" title="Moraga, California">Moraga, California</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011110033124/http://www.spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/crew/exp4/index.html">"ISS Expedition Four"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/crew/exp4/index.html">the original</a> on November 10, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22511650">"Self-portraits and social media: The rise of the 'selfie'"</a>. <i>BBC News Magazine</i>. June 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-retired-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-retired_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBuckBolden2012" class="citation web cs1">Buck, Joshua; Bolden, Jay (July 3, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/jul/HQ_12-227_Robinson_retires.html">"NASA Astronaut Stephen K. Robinson Leaves Agency"</a>. <a href="National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrvip.ucdavis.edu/">"Home"</a>. <i>hrvip.ucdavis.edu</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/robinson_stephen.pdf">"Official NASA Bio, STEPHEN K. ROBINSON (PH.D.) NASA ASTRONAUT (FORMER)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA. July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/preparingtravel/steve_robinson_profile.html">STS-114 Steve Robinson Crew Profile</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050812011401/http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/afl/index.html">Pre-Recorded Q&A with Steve Robinson</a> in NASA's Astronaut Flight Lounge; - Select "Steve Robinson" from the Astronauts tab</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://localwiki.org/davis/Stephen_Robinson">Stephen Robinson on the Davis Wiki</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/astronauts/english/robinson_stephen.htm">Spacefacts biography of Stephen Robinson</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asma.org/">Aerospace Medical Association</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?54261">Appearances</a> on <a href="C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA_Astronaut_Group_15,_&quot;The_Flying_Escargot&quot;,_1994_20px291" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="NASA_Astronaut_Group_15,_&quot;The_Flying_Escargot&quot;,_1994_20px291" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="NASA_Astronaut_Group_15" title="NASA Astronaut Group 15">NASA Astronaut Group 15, "The Flying Escargot", 1994</a> <span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="NASA_Astronaut_Group_14" title="NASA Astronaut Group 14">NASA Astronaut Group 14</a> ← NASA Astronaut Group 15 → <a href="NASA_Astronaut_Group_16" title="NASA Astronaut Group 16">NASA Astronaut Group 16</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilots and commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scott_Altman" title="Scott Altman">Scott Altman</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeffrey_Ashby" title="Jeffrey Ashby">Jeffrey Ashby</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_J._Bloomfield" title="Michael J. Bloomfield">Michael Bloomfield</a></li>

<li><a href="Joe_F._Edwards_Jr." title="Joe F. Edwards Jr.">Joe Edwards</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominic_L._Pudwill_Gorie" title="Dominic L. Pudwill Gorie">Dominic Pudwill Gorie</a></li>

<li><a href="Rick_Husband" title="Rick Husband">Rick Husband</a></li>

<li><a href="Steven_Lindsey" title="Steven Lindsey">Steven Lindsey</a></li>

<li><a href="Pamela_Melroy" title="Pamela Melroy">Pamela Melroy</a></li>

<li><a href="Susan_Still_Kilrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan Still Kilrain">Susan Still-Kilrain</a></li>

<li><a href="Frederick_W._Sturckow" title="Frederick W. Sturckow">Frederick Sturckow</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mission specialists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Michael_P._Anderson" title="Michael P. Anderson">Michael Anderson</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalpana_Chawla" title="Kalpana Chawla">Kalpana Chawla</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Curbeam" title="Robert Curbeam">Robert Curbeam</a></li>

<li><a href="Kathryn_P._Hire" title="Kathryn P. Hire">Kathryn Hire</a></li>

<li><a href="Janet_L._Kavandi" title="Janet L. Kavandi">Janet Kavandi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ed_Lu" title="Ed Lu">Edward Tsang Lu</a></li>

<li><a href="Carlos_I._Noriega" title="Carlos I. Noriega">Carlos Noriega</a></li>

<li><a href="James_F._Reilly" title="James F. Reilly">James Reilly</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International mission specialists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jean-Loup_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean-Loup Chrétien">Jean-Loup Chrétien</a> (France)</li>

<li><a href="Takao_Doi" title="Takao Doi">Takao Doi</a> (Japan)</li>

<li><a href="Michel_Tognini" title="Michel Tognini">Michel Tognini</a> (France)</li>

<li><a href="Dafydd_Williams" title="Dafydd Williams">Dafydd Williams</a> (Canada)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_NASA_Astronaut_Groups_*_NASA_Astronaut_Corps105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">

<ul><li><a href="NASA_Astronaut_Corps#Selection_groups" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA Astronaut Groups</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA Astronaut Corps</a></li></ul>

</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">List of astronauts by year of selection</a></li>

<li><a href="Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Astronaut ranks and positions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_astronauts" title="List of United States Marine Corps astronauts">List of United States Marine Corps astronauts</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_United_States_Space_Force_astronauts" title="List of United States Space Force astronauts">List of United States Space Force astronauts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-13" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Stephen_Robinson&oldid=1300244157">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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